Persists longer than six months and is intractable to treatment, exemplified by low back pain

A coping style that heightens the experience of pain and predicts greater post-surgical or labour pain

Pain experienced in an appendage that is no longer physically present, challenging traditional pain models

A type of chronic pain characterised by a series of intermittent episodes, such as migraine headaches

Longer lasting, involving complex physiological, psychological, social, and behavioural components

Persists longer than six months with increasing severity, associated with malignancies or degenerative disorders

Shorter in duration (six months or less), typically caused by soft tissue damage, infection, or inflammation