The variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable
A specific intervention or level of the independent variable applied to participants in an experiment
Other variables (noise/confounding) that can affect the dependent variable; researchers try to control these
A study method used to measure causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable
A comparison condition that does not receive the active treatment or intervention, or receives a placebo
A study method where variables are described but not manipulated, so causality cannot be measured
The condition or group that researchers manipulate; it is not affected by other variables
