Other variables (noise/confounding) that can affect the dependent variable; researchers try to control these

A study method used to measure causal relationships by manipulating an independent variable

A study method where variables are described but not manipulated, so causality cannot be measured

The variable that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

The condition or group that researchers manipulate; it is not affected by other variables

A specific intervention or level of the independent variable applied to participants in an experiment

A comparison condition that does not receive the active treatment or intervention, or receives a placebo