The idea that a relationship or difference exists, often called the researcher's hypothesis

A set probability, typically 0.05, representing the chance of rejecting a true null hypothesis

The probability of observing a sample result, or one more extreme, if the null hypothesis were true

The decision to keep the null hypothesis when the observed p-value is greater than the standard alpha (e.g., 0.05)

Occurs when the p-value is equal to or lower than the set alpha criterion (e.g., 0.05), leading to null hypothesis rejection

The idea that there is no relationship or difference between variables or groups

Making inferences, predicting, testing relationships, or comparing a sample with a population to generalise findings