The idea that a relationship or difference exists, often called the researcher's hypothesis

The decision to keep the null hypothesis when the observed p-value is greater than the standard alpha (e.g., 0.05)

The probability of observing a sample result, or one more extreme, if the null hypothesis were true

Making inferences, predicting, testing relationships, or comparing a sample with a population to generalise findings

Occurs when the p-value is equal to or lower than the set alpha criterion (e.g., 0.05), leading to null hypothesis rejection

A set probability, typically 0.05, representing the chance of rejecting a true null hypothesis

The idea that there is no relationship or difference between variables or groups