Actions taken before charges are laid, such as police warnings or cautions, to keep youth out of court.

First Canadian legislation establishing a separate court system for youth and setting the minimum age at 7.

The age at which overall crime rates peak according to the highly replicated age-crime curve.

Brain structure responsible for impulse inhibition that continues developing through adolescence, explaining youth impulsivity.

Current legislation for youth aged 12 to 17, focusing on decreasing custody and emphasizing extrajudicial measures.

The most common sentence handed down to youth in Canadian courts.

Formal diversion applied after charging, requiring the youth to admit to the offence to have charges withdrawn.

Legal framework used to process children under 12 years of age who commit criminal acts.