Objectives that focus on competitive results and social comparison, such as winning a race.

The distinction between positive goals (approaching success) and negative goals (avoiding failure).

Objectives that focus on specific actions or behaviors an athlete must engage in during performance.

A focus on outperforming others; success is defined by social comparison and winning.

Objectives that focus on achieving personal standards independent of others, like a personal best.

A focus on mastery, self-improvement, and effort; success is defined by personal progress.

A goal orientation focused on avoiding performing worse than others.

The concept of setting goals for a team as a unit, which improves performance more than individual goals alone.