Defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses (e.g., aggression) are channeled into socially acceptable activities like sport.

View that behavior is determined by the interplay between the person and the environment (B = f(P, E)).

Approach viewing behavior as determined by unconscious sexual and aggressive instincts and defense mechanisms.

An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits; derived from the Latin word for 'mask'.

Optimistic approach emphasizing self-actualization, personal growth, and the belief that human nature is inherently healthy.

Theory stating behavior is determined by the environment through modeling (observation) and reinforcement.

Focuses on identifying durable dispositions (e.g., the Big Five) that predispose an individual to behave consistently.

Belief that one must behave in certain ways to be accepted or loved, leading to a 'facade' to gain positive regard.